Waste Management

Waste Management

Waste is primarily classified into three categories-

® Harmful waste

®   Organic waste

®  Recyclable waste

Harmful waste: Waste that is chemically intense and can cause serious damage to health and environment is called as harmful waste.

Organic waste: The plant and animal remains or waste that can be easily degraded by microorganisms or bacteria is called as organic waste.  

Recyclable waste: Any waste object, thing, product that can be recycled into new comes under this category of waste.

There are three important methods of waste disposal:

® Burning  the waste

®  Landfilling

®  Composting

Burning Of Waste: Mostly medical waste is treated by this method as the waste from hospitals can pose serious danger to the environment and people staying in the vicinity, where it is supposed to be dumped.

-- Therefore, it is best to burn this waste at a very high temperature that ensures that there are no possible bacteria or viruses that can be contracted to anyone.

 -- However this method leads to air pollution as it releases loads of smoke containing oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur along with lot of fly ash.  

Landfilling:  Most of the waste collected by the municipal corporations is dumped by this method. This method involves lining the surface and then dumping waste covered with a layer of soil.

Composting:  Best way of managing organic waste and the best way of all the other waste management practices. However it is limited to treatment of organic waste management.

Our Social Reformers

Our Social Reformers

--Like there are Freedom fighters who have fought in the history to free India from the British; however the Indian society was also trapped in the evil practices. There were Social reformers who worked hard to uproot such evil customs and traditions.

--Meaning of the terms social reformers- these were people who worked for eradicating the evil practices from the society and brought up a new change in the society that helped us to move towards a better future and thus better life.

® Raja Ram Mohan Roy- banned the sati system

®  Savitribai Phule- educated the women

®  Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar- worked for upliftment of status of women in India.

Savitribai Phule

-First woman prime minister of India- Indira Gandhi

-First Indian to become Miss World- Rita Faria

-First woman president of India- Pratibha Patil

-First woman Governor of a State in free India- Mrs. Sarojini Naidu(1925)

-First woman to climb Mount Everest- Bachhendri Pal

-First woman chief justice of a High Court- Mrs. Leela Seth

-First woman pilot in Indian Air Force- Harita Kaur Dayal

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The weapon of education and will power has driven these woman to reach these heights and the lady who sacrificed her life for educating the girl child in the Indian Society is Savitribai Phule.

Education is the only key for empowerment- Savitribai Phule, realised the importance of educating the women of the society.  She then vowed to serve for the educating the girl child of the society and  worked accordingly inspite of all the odds and protests she had to face from the dominant members of the society. She is known to be the FIRST LADY TEACHER.

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Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Q1) Why was Ishwar Chandra bestowed with the title of Vidyasagar?

Ans) He was hard worker and studied many subjects.

Q2)  Why was he known as Dayasagar?

Ans) He worked for the poor and needy people of the society at his own expense.

Q3)  What did he strongly protest to?

Ans) He strongly protested against polygamy,child marriage.

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A lot of struggle and sacrifice we are enjoying the liberal life  style today. We should never forget the sacrifice of these people and should not misuse any  freedom or right that is given to us by the government or the family or from any one for that matter. A humble person always comes out to be a wise man.

Simple Machines

Simple Machines

The word ‘machine’ is derived from Greek word- ‘mechane’ which means ‘an ingenious device or invention’

     ·A mechanical engineer develops machines. 

- The machines make our task easy and life simpler.

-A machine is anything that reduces human effort.

-Anything that simplifies work, or saves time is a machine.

There are two types of machines: Simple and Complex machines.

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Q1) How different are the roads constructed along a hill than the ones we have on plane areas?

Ans) We have flat, straight roads on a plane surface, whereas the roadways along a hill are constructed in a circular way and are at an angle so that you move upwards or downwards.

Q2)  Why do you think the roads are inclined and go round and round, why are  they not built straight up the mountain?

Ans) Such roads are seen in case high mountains. If a straight road is constructed to reach to the highest peak of the mountain, the plane would be too steep and thus would not be easy for either walking or driving in a vehicle.

Q3)  Why do you think their ramps constructed in public places?

Ans) For the disabled  people to walk easily or move with the help of a wheel chair or a similar aid.  

Q4) Give few examples of pulley that you see usually around?

Ans) Used to draw  water from a well, flag poles, etc.

Q5) Does  pulley works only in one direction?

Ans) No, it may work on both the sides depending on the way it is fixed or it assembled to work.

Q6) Why can we not use the screw cap instead of the nail/screw?

Ans) The cap has the grooves from inside, which will not be of any help to hold the big photo frame on the wall for a long time.

Meaning of the term lever:

-An object or a joint that helps to lift and object is called as lever.

Health and Diseases

Health and Diseases

To stay healthy, we need to:  

· follow proper hygiene

·  exercise

·  have a correct posture

·  rest

·  eat healthy

Health: Scientists define health as a state of complete physical and mental well being.

-Meaning of mental well being. Stress and tensions also lead to several health problems like diabetes and hypertension. So to stay healthy we should have a healthy mind.

Communicable diseases:

®Cholera

®  Typhoid

®  Tuberculosis

®  Malaria

®  Influenza

Diseases are of two types:

i)  Communicable diseases

ii)                   ii) non communicable diseases

Q1) What are the conditions that can affect the spread of diseases?

Ans) Unclean surroundings, sneezing and coughing of an unwell person.

Q2)  What are some ways we can stop communicable diseases from spreading?

Ans) Using face masks, washing hands with antibacterial soap, covering the sneeze or cough, etc

Non-communicable diseases :

 ®Heart disease

®  Obesity

®  Diabetes

®  Cancer

®  Nutritional deficiency diseases

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Internet and Netiquettes

BITA details and form

Digestive System

Digestive system

·Key Vocabulary

-Pancreas

-Liver

-Alimentary canal

-Pharynx

-Churning

-Enzymes

-Chyme

-Duodenum

-Bile

-Gall bladder

-Faeces

-Pancreatic juices

-Slurry

-Fermenting vat

Q1) Where do we get the energy from?

 Ans)Food we eat

Q2) How do you think the food we eat provides us energy?

Ans) When the food is digested, it produces energy in our body, that is used for performing various tasks.

 Q3) When you eat an apple, what happens to the apple?

Ans) We chew it in our mouth and then swallow it.

Q4) What happens after you chew the apple?

Ans) It becomes soft and is ground into  fine particles then as we swallow it, it moves into our throat.

---The food is cut, chewed and broken into smaller pieces in the mouth,  

---Thereafter it enters the oesophagus and then into the stomach,

---From the stomach the food travels to the small intestine collecting chemicals  from liver and pancreas for digestion,  

---After the digestion in the small intestine the undigested food, travels through the large intestine and is finally excreted through the anus.

---The liver and pancreas aid in digestion and thus form the part of the digestive system.

The length of each organ of the alimentary canal:  

3 inches= Mouth

10 inches= Oesophagus

6 inches= Stomach  

18 feet= Small intestine

5 feet Large intestine
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Q5) What are the organs through which the food passes during the process of digestion?

Ans) Mouth,oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine.

Q6)   Where do you think does the food is digested?

Ans) In the stomach.

Q7) What do you feel when you think about all these food items?

Ans) Feel hungry, want to eat atleast one of them, etc.

Q8)  Do you feel anything in your mouth when you think about the food?

Ans) Yes, the mouth turns watery.

Q9)  What do you think is this watery liquid in your mouth?

Ans) Saliva.

Q10) What happens to the food when you put it into your mouth?

Ans) The food gets mixed with the saliva.

Q11) Why do you think the saliva is secreted when we chew food?

Ans) To soften the food so that it becomes easy to swallow.

Q12) Do you think that the saliva plays any role in the digestion process? (yes/no)

Ans) The saliva in the mouth produces enzymes and initiates the primary process of digestion of food.

Thus one can say that the digestion process starts in the mouth itself. Later as the food travels through the oesophagus and reaches the stomach, stomach produces other digestive juices that help in further digestion of food.

---The process of digestion that takes place in the mouth, oesophagus and the stomach.

---The organs of our digestive system produce chemical substances known as enzymes that help in digestion of foods.

Enzymes are special type of proteins that help in digesting food.

Location- Mouth (saliva)

 Enzyme- Salivary amylase

Substrate- Starch

Location- Stomach (gastric juices)

 Enzyme- Pepsin

Substrate- Proteins

Substrate means the material or substance in the food consumed, on which an enzyme acts

---Maltase,lactase,sucrose is forms of glucose which are released as the complex carbohydrate molecule is broken down in the digestion process.

Q13) Where is saliva produced?

Ans) Salivary glands.

Q14)  Which enzyme is released in the saliva?

Ans) Salivary amylase.

Q15)  What substrate does this enzyme act on?

Ans) Starch.

Q16)  What happens to the food in the oesophagus?

Ans) The food is only churned and pushed to the stomach through a wave like action- peristalsis.

 Q17) What happens to the food in the stomach?

Ans) Gastric juices release enzymes to  digest proteins form the food and emulsify the food to form smooth slurry.

---The food is passed on to the small intestine in the duodenum the liver and pancreas secrete more enzymes- bile and pancreatic juices respectively; that help in digestion of fats from the food.

---The process of digestion ends in the small intestine (duodenum).

---No digestive juices or enzymes are produced by the small or large intestine.

---In the large intestine only absorption of water takes place.

---The major role of the intestine is to absorb the nutrients from the digested food and pass it in the blood stream.

---After the water is absorbed in the intestine the undigested food is stored in the rectum and eventually is excreted through the anus as faeces.
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Location - Duodenum (pancreatic juices)

Enzyme- Trypsin Lipase

Substrate- Carbohydrates Fats

Location - Ileum (intestinal juices)

Enzyme- Peptidase

Substrate- Remaining carbohydrates and proteins

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Q18)How do we get energy?

Ans) When food is digested it provides us with energy.

Q19)  How does the body get the required nutrients?

Ans) As the food gets digested the nutrients are absorbed such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats and they provide us with the required energy.

Q20)  What exactly does the digestion process mean?

Ans) Breaking down the  consumed food into smaller particles and absorbing the nutrients from the food.

---The ill effects of unhealthy eating habits on the health:

---Eating while walking

---Eating unhealthy/junk/fast food

---Sleeping while eating

---Eating in uneven intervals in a day

---Road side food

---Canned/ packaged food

--- Value: Packaged/canned food is not just harmful for our health, but it is equally harmful for the environmental health too.

---Canned/Packaged food creates loads of plastic waste in the dumping grounds.

--- Road side food can lead to epidemic disease spreads.

--- Producing the ingredients used to prepare the junk/fast food takes lot of  energy and natural resources compared to the yield.

Q21) How do you think eating fast food such as chips or fries is harmful for our health?

Ans) Such food products contain lots of salt, oil, preservatives and fats that are not good for our health and causes obesity in teenagers especially.

Q22) Why do you think packaged food products cause damage to the environment too along with human health?

Ans) Consuming more and more packaged food leads to more and more garbage generation; thus a large space for dumping this waste is required. Also dumping such waste in dump yards leads to many disease spreads in the nearby areas and causes soil pollution too.